First Snake Crawled on Four Feet

FIRST SNAKE CRAWLED ON FOUR FEET

And the Lord God said unto the serpent, Because thou hast done this, thou art cursed above all cattle, and above every beast of the field; upon thou belly shalt thou go, and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life: (Genesis.3:14).

Comment : Lord God with all His anger towards the serpent for what he has done towards His creation, pointing towards serpent in anger, God curses meaning, making the serpent the least important of all the beasts in His creation to go, meaning slithering on the ground and eat meaning, consuming or feeding, (the word is used in some idioms, one is to eat up space, that is, to lay claim to space, claiming the human race to hell in a sense which our Lord Jesus on Crucifixion day bruised the head of satan) for his life. Damerakulas' Pankaj Christian Library, Kurnool. Andhra Pradesh State, India.

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Article Credit : Discovery News.

The world's first known snake has just been discovered in Brazil, according to new research that solves many mysteries about the slithering reptiles.
The snake (Tetrapodophis amplectus), described in the latest issue of the journal Science, is also the first known snake to have four limbs. This strongly suggests that snakes evolved from terrestrial lizards, and not from water-dwelling species, as had been thought before.
"The marine hypothesis is dead," senior author Nicholas Longrich of the University of Bath told Discovery News. "It's actually been pretty dead for a while now, but this is really pounding the nails in the coffin. Aquatic snakes evolved from terrestrial snakes -- many, many times."
As this image shows, Tetrapodophis aka "Four Feet" was a meat-eating predator. It lived in what is now the Crato Formation of Ceará, Brazil, between 146 and 100 million years ago.
Credits : Julius T. Cstonyi.

If Four Feet could be brought back to life today, "You would be confused, because you would be thinking that this looks like a snake...but it's odd; it shouldn't have feet," lead author David Martill of the University of Portsmouth told Discovery News.
He, Longrich, and co-author Helmut Tischlinger believe that the unusual reptile and its kin evolved ever-smaller limbs after their predecessors went through a subterranean phase. During this period of the Early Cretaceous, the animals burrowed underground.
"Limbs get in the way if you are burrowing through soft sand," Martill explained. "Much better to 'swim' through leaf litter or sand. As legs got smaller, 'swimming' became more efficient."
The scientists further suspect that these undulating movements were pre-adaptations to actual swimming in water.
Credits : Dave Martill, University of Portsmouth.

Four Feet's front limbs were so small that Martill described them as being "pathetic" and "little."
While miniscule, the feet seemed to be specialized, as they were broader than those of lizards. As a result, the researchers think the feet helped the snake to seize prey and clasp onto a partner when mating.
Credits : Dave Martill, University of Portsmouth.

Four Feet's head was slightly pointed and slender, suggests its skull. As for its overall appearance, "It looked, well, snaky," Longrich said.
"It had the long, slender, serpentine body; it would have had a forked tongue," he continued. "It had the broad belly scales of a snake. This is unique to snakes, and amazingly the fossil actually preserves them."
The individual died while young and was only about 8 inches long. The scientists are not sure how big members of the species would have become as adults, but they suspect that adults grew to be over 3 feet long.
Credits : Helmut Tischlinger.

The remains of an unknown animal -- possible a lizard -- are remarkably preserved in the gut of the fossilized snake. Based on Four Feet's build, it probably bit its victims and then squeezed them, cutting off their circulation. Organ failure probably followed and then death.
The gut contents also indicate that the snake had a feeding strategy similar to today's boa constrictors "in which proportionately large prey are ingested whole," the authors wrote.
Credits : Helmut Tischlinger.

The serpentine fossil for Four Feet is extremely well preserved in limestone. It is in such good condition that "soft tissues are also preserved," according to the authors.
The snake would have lived in an ecosystem with dinosaurs, they indicated. While this juvenile snake might have eaten small dinosaur eggs, it is possible that adults of the species "could take a hatchling dinosaur," Martill said.
Longrich added that 40-50 million years after this snake's lifetime, there were large boa and python-sized snakes that definitely were regular consumers of dinosaur eggs. Remains of snakes are even found in dinosaur nests as a result.
Poisonous snakes were not around then, though. They did not become widespread until about 34 million years ago, which was long after non-bird dinosaurs went extinct. The burrowing habits of early snakes might have helped to save them from going the way of the dinos during the major extinction event 65 million years ago.
Credits : Dave Martill, University of Portsmouth.

In addition to lizards like Olindalacerta, Four Feet probably ate salamanders and other small animals, the researchers believe.
Both the ancient snake and its prey were "originally from Gondwana, the ancient continent formed by Africa and South America," Longrich said.
As he says, "They're sort of a holdover from this lost world."
Credits : James Brown, University of Portsmouth.

Note : See the photographs according to the paragraphs i.e. 1st para 1st photo as on.